The South African population is characterised by heterogeneity. This is nowhere more evident than in cosmopolitan Johannesburg, where some areas have the feel of a large European city, while other parts are unmistakably third-world Africa.

South Africa has 11 official languages, although English is the most widely used language in government (both national and provincial) and commerce. Normal business hours are 0800-1700, although not much happens after 1500 on Fridays.

Although South African business people have, in the past, been considered to be quite conservative and formal in both demeanour and dress, the influence of newly empowered black entrepreneurs has introduced a business culture that is more friendly, informal and relaxed.

Businessmen and women in Johannesburg tend to wear suits, although ethnic outfits are increasingly evident. It can, however, become very hot during summer and bitterly cold during winter in this part of South Africa, so this should be taken into account - lightweight materials in the warm months (October-April) and heavy overcoats for the cold period (May-September).

Punctuality is still highly prized and it is advisable to address hosts as ‘Mr' or ‘Ms' until requested to use first names, which usually happens soon after formal greetings are dispensed with. The triple handshake is common among black businesspeople, although, even in these situations, the standard handshake may well take precedence with an international visitor.

Gifts are not expected in either business or social situations. Business cards are often exchanged where businesspeople meet informally, such as in hotel lobbies, airport lounges and at product launches. Most initial business-related social contact is along the lines of ‘let's do lunch', while dinner and breakfast appointments are far less frequent.