Getting Around Turkey

Air

Flying is one of the quickest ways to cover long distances within Turkey, especially given the country's size and varied geography. Domestic flights connect major cities, coastal resorts and regional centres, making it easy to travel between the west, central plateau and eastern provinces. Istanbul's two airports, IST and SAW, serve as the main hubs, offering frequent flights to destinations across the country.

Turkish Airlines and Pegasus Airlines operate extensive domestic networks, with additional services provided by smaller carriers such as SunExpress and AnadoluJet. Popular routes include Istanbul to Ankara, İzmir, Antalya, Kayseri and Trabzon, as well as flights to Cappadocia via Kayseri and Nevşehir airports.

Domestic flights are generally reliable, and schedules remain frequent throughout the year. During peak holiday seasons, additional services are often added to coastal destinations. Travellers should note that weather conditions in some eastern or mountainous regions may occasionally affect flights, particularly in winter.

Road

Road travel is one of the most common ways to move around Turkey, thanks to an extensive network of highways linking major cities, coastal regions and inland towns. Modern motorways connect Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa, allowing for smooth intercity travel, while well-maintained regional roads reach much of the countryside. Scenic routes are common, whether passing through olive groves along the Aegean, mountain valleys in the east or the dramatic landscapes of Cappadocia.

Long-distance buses are widely used and offer a comfortable and affordable way to travel. Major companies operate frequent services between most cities, with modern coaches equipped with air-conditioning and onboard refreshments. Bus terminals are generally well organised, and night buses are popular on longer routes.

Driving is a feasible option for visitors who prefer more flexibility. Major car rental companies operate at airports and in city centres. Roads are usually in good condition, but traffic in large cities, especially Istanbul, can be heavy. In rural areas, road quality varies, and travellers should take extra care on winding or mountainous routes.

Side of the road

Road Quality

Road quality in Turkey varies by region, but major highways and intercity routes are generally in good condition. The main motorways connecting Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and other large cities are modern, well signposted and maintained to a high standard. These routes often include toll sections.

Secondary roads linking smaller towns and rural areas can be narrower and less even, especially in mountainous regions of the east and southeast. Weather can affect road conditions in winter, when snow and ice are common in inland and high-altitude areas. In coastal regions, rain can cause temporary flooding or slippery surfaces. Despite these variations, most travellers find Turkey's road network reliable and straightforward to navigate.

Road Classification

Turkey's roads fall into several categories managed by different authorities. Motorways, known as Otoyol (prefixed with O-), are high-quality, high-speed routes connecting major cities and often require toll payments. State roads (prefixed with D-) form the backbone of the national network, linking cities, towns and regional centres across the country. Provincial roads, managed by local authorities, connect smaller communities and may vary more in surface quality.

In addition, rural and village roads provide access to agricultural areas and remote settlements. These routes can be narrow or winding, and conditions differ depending on terrain and weather. Understanding these classifications helps travellers plan journeys more effectively, especially when driving through mountainous or lesser-visited regions.

Car Hire

Car hire is widely available in Turkey, especially at major airports, city centres and popular tourist destinations. International companies operate alongside well-established local firms, offering a range of vehicles from compact cars to larger models suitable for long journeys or family travel. Rates are generally competitive, and booking in advance is recommended during peak holiday seasons.

Self-drive is a practical option for travellers who want flexibility, particularly when exploring regions like Cappadocia, the Aegean coast or the Turquoise Coast. Roads are usually straightforward to navigate, though traffic in cities such as Istanbul and Ankara can be heavy and parking can be limited. For visitors who prefer not to drive, hiring a car with a driver is possible in larger cities and through private tour operators.

Rental companies typically require a passport, a valid driving licence and a credit card for the deposit. An International Driving Permit (IDP) may be necessary depending on the traveller's home country. Insurance coverage varies, so it is advisable to check what is included and consider additional protection if needed.

Taxi

Taxis are widely available in Turkey's major cities and towns and are easy to recognise by their yellow colour and chequered bands. All licensed taxis are fitted with meters, and drivers are required to switch them on at the start of the journey. For longer trips, it is sensible to confirm the expected fare in advance, especially when travelling between towns or to airports.

Ride-hailing apps such as BiTaksi and Uber operate in many urban centres, although they connect passengers to licensed taxis rather than private cars. These services offer real-time tracking and can be more convenient than hailing a taxi on the street, particularly during busy periods.

Alongside regular taxis, travellers will encounter the dolmuş system, which is a shared taxi or minibus that runs on fixed routes with set fares determined by the municipality. Passengers pay according to the distance travelled, and dolmuş services are widely used within cities, to suburbs, airports and nearby towns. They are inexpensive, practical and often faster than local buses. In some smaller towns, informal shared rides may occur, but official taxis and official dolmuş operate under different regulations.

Bike

Cycling in Turkey can be rewarding, especially in scenic regions, but conditions vary widely. Urban cycling is possible in some cities, such as İzmir and parts of Istanbul, where dedicated bike lanes and waterfront paths exist. However, heavy traffic and steep hills in many urban areas mean that city cycling is best suited to confident riders.

Outside the cities, quieter coastal roads, lakeside routes and rural backroads offer more pleasant conditions. Popular areas for cycling include Cappadocia, with its unique rock formations and open valleys, and the Aegean coast, where small villages and olive groves create relaxed riding environments. Along the Black Sea, the coastal highway can be busy, but inland roads offer quieter alternatives.

Bicycles can be hired in tourist destinations such as Antalya, Bodrum, Fethiye and Cappadocia, with rental shops offering mountain bikes, city bikes or e-bikes. In resort areas, cycling is often used for short trips between beaches, hotels and local attractions.

Long-distance or touring cyclists should be prepared for varying road conditions, occasional steep climbing and rapidly changing weather, particularly in inland or mountainous regions. Carrying sufficient water is essential in summer, when temperatures can be very high, especially in central and southeastern Turkey.

Coach

Long-distance buses are one of the most popular and convenient ways to travel across Turkey. A vast network connects major cities, seaside resorts and smaller towns, making it possible to reach almost any part of the country by coach. Services range from standard buses to more comfortable "luxury" or "VIP" coaches offering larger seats, refreshments and onboard entertainment.

Well-known companies such as Kamil Koç, Metro Turizm, Pamukkale and Ulusoy operate frequent intercity routes with reliable schedules. Many companies offer online booking, seat selection and a choice of daytime or overnight services. Night buses are especially common on longer routes, providing a practical way to save time and accommodation costs.

Most cities have well-organised bus terminals, known as otogar, which serve as central hubs for intercity travel. Travellers should plan to arrive a little early, as terminals can be busy, particularly during weekends and holiday periods. Although buses are generally comfortable, journey times can be long due to Turkey's size and the varied terrain.

For budget-conscious travellers or those without a fixed itinerary, buses remain an affordable, reliable and widely used mode of transport throughout Turkey.

Regulations

Speed limits in Turkey vary depending on the type of road and vehicle. In built-up areas, the limit is generally 50 km/h (31 mph). On main roads outside towns, the limit usually rises to 90 km/h (56 mph), while dual carriageways and motorways typically allow 110–120 km/h (68–75 mph). Speed cameras and mobile checks are common, especially on major routes.

Drink-driving laws are strictly enforced. The legal blood alcohol limit is 0.05%, and penalties for exceeding it include heavy fines, licence suspension and potential legal action. For professional drivers the limit is zero. Seat belts are compulsory for all passengers, and children must use appropriate restraints. Using a mobile phone while driving is prohibited unless a hands-free system is used.

Traffic drives on the right-hand side of the road. Overtaking is common on highways, but caution is needed on rural roads where visibility may be limited. In cities, traffic can be dense and fast-moving, particularly in Istanbul. Defensive driving, patience and awareness of local habits are essential for visitors.

Breakdown services

Turkey does not have a single nationwide breakdown service, but many car rental companies and insurance policies include some form of roadside assistance. Travellers hiring a car should check in advance whether towing, on-site repairs or emergency help are included in their insurance package or rental agreement.

In cities and along major highways, private roadside assistance providers can usually respond quickly, while in rural or mountainous areas help may take longer to arrive. Petrol stations and small workshops are common throughout the country and can assist with minor mechanical issues.

Documentation

Visitors who wish to drive in Turkey must have a valid driving licence from their home country. An International Driving Permit (IDP) is recommended and may be required depending on the issuing country of the licence. Passports should be carried at all times, as police may request identification during routine checks.

Those renting a car will need a passport, driving licence and a credit card for the deposit. Rental companies may have minimum age requirements, typically 21 or 23 years old, depending on the vehicle category. Travellers staying longer term may be required to obtain a Turkish driving licence, especially if their foreign licence does not meet local recognition rules.

It is important to ensure that insurance is valid for driving in Turkey and covers third-party liability as required by law. Additional coverage, such as collision damage waiver, is often available through rental companies.

Urban travel

Istanbul has the most extensive transport network in Turkey, combining buses, trams, metros, ferries and funiculars. Ferries across the Bosphorus are both scenic and practical, connecting the European and Asian sides of the city. The tram and metro systems link major districts and tourist areas, while the Istanbulkart provides easy, cashless access to almost all public transport.

Other major cities such as Ankara and İzmir also have reliable public transport systems, including metro lines, trams and well-organised bus networks. These systems are generally efficient and help ease congestion during peak hours. In both cities, prepaid travel cards make using public transport simple for visitors.

Buses remain widely used throughout the country, though routes can be complex for first-time travellers. Smaller cities, towns and resort areas rely more heavily on local buses and the dolmuş, a shared taxi or minibus that runs on fixed routes with frequent departures. Dolmuş services are inexpensive and often faster for short urban journeys.

Taxis and ride-hailing apps operate in all major towns and cities, offering a convenient alternative for areas not well served by public transport. Walking is enjoyable in many central districts, especially historic quarters and waterfront areas, but traffic can be busy, so pedestrians should take care at crossings.

Rail

Turkey's rail network is steadily improving, with a mix of high-speed trains, conventional intercity services and regional lines. The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (TCDD) operates all passenger services, and rail travel offers a comfortable and scenic way to cross parts of the country, especially for those not in a hurry.

The high-speed network connects major cities including Ankara, Istanbul, Eskişehir and Konya, providing fast and reliable travel on modern trains. These routes are popular with both locals and visitors, offering reserved seating and onboard amenities. Additional high-speed lines are under construction, gradually expanding the system.

Conventional trains serve longer routes across Anatolia, linking cities such as İzmir, Adana, Gaziantep, Kars and Van. Some of these services are slower but provide a relaxed journey through varied landscapes. The Eastern Express, running between Ankara and Kars, is particularly well known for its dramatic scenery and has become popular with travellers seeking a leisurely cross-country experience.

Regional trains operate shorter routes and are commonly used for travel between nearby towns and provinces. While schedules may be less frequent than buses, trains offer a pleasant alternative when available. Booking in advance is recommended for high-speed and popular long-distance services, especially during holidays.

Water

Water transport plays an important role in several parts of Turkey, particularly around Istanbul and the Marmara region. In Istanbul, frequent commuter ferries cross the Bosphorus and connect neighbourhoods on the European and Asian sides, offering both a practical transport option and a scenic way to move around the city. Sea buses (fast ferries) operate on longer routes across the Marmara Sea, linking Istanbul with towns such as Yalova and Bursa.

Along the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, local ferries and small boat services connect nearby islands and peninsulas, especially during the summer season. Services operate around Bodrum, Marmaris, Fethiye and Çeşme, providing access to beaches, bays and coastal villages. These routes are generally short and run more frequently in peak months.

In other regions, including lakes and rivers in eastern Turkey, boat services may exist but are typically limited and mostly used by local residents. For most travellers, Istanbul and the coastal areas offer the most practical opportunities for domestic travel by water.